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A
Children rated most trouble some at an early age tend become the more persistent offenders
B
Some research suggests that for 8- 25 years old most offending occurs at about 16- 17 years and tail of to a plateau
C
Young offenders are rarely imprisoned for a single offence, rather for a number of offences
D
All of the above we can correctly state about young offenders
A
Direct support for parents and early childhood education
B
Interventions which take place between prenatal and primary school entry
C
Direct support for parents
D
Early education
A
Early childhood conduct disorder
B
Those factors which predict non- sexual delinquency such as low family income, poor accommodation, poor parenting
C
Early onset of sexually abusive behavior, male victims, multiple victims and poor social skills
D
Previous criminality, psychopathy and use of death/ threats at time of index offence
A
When moral issues are related to crime the differences between male delinquents and male non- delinquents are their greatest
B
Male delinquents are typically at Kohlberg’s pre- conventional level compare to male non- delinquents
C
Offenders were typically at Kohlberg’s conventional level of moral reasoning, i.e. obtaining social approval compared non- offenders
D
Non-offenders males tend to be at a lower level of moral reasoning than non- offendring females
A
abuse causes post-traumatic stress and thus a need to re- enact the experience
B
if a mother has been abused this increases the risk of a child’s potential for being an abuser in the future
C
physically abused children tend to commit physically violent offences whereas sexually abused children tend to commit sexually violent crimes in adulthood
D
the effect of violence are more generally pathogenic than simply ‘violence leads to violence
A
Early interventions may be costly, but they are more cost effective than ignoring the problem- this would result in higher costs of society for dealing with delinquent children later in life
B
If acted on interventions can be effective at reducing future delinquency
C
It is predictive of later more serious behavior
D
All of the above
A
penile penetration of any child below the age of consent to sexual intercourse
B
rape of a female adult
C
any form of sexual act that a woman may not wish
D
rape of someone under mitigating circumstances
A
Rape is frequently viewed as a crime of power, control and violence rather than sexual gratification
B
There is a general trend that sexual offending begins in the early life of an offender
C
Rapists have claimed to have experienced more psychological abuse than nonsexual violent offenders
D
Rape of older women by strangers tends to feature more strongly in rape statistics
A
Knowledge
B
Comprehension
C
Understanding
D
Practice
A
Sexual offences are often non- consummatory
B
When treatment is mainly directed at reducing fantastic recidivism actually increases
C
Unacceptable themes are found in the fantasy of ‘normal’ individuals but they don’t have to be acted upon in order to have erotic effects
D
All of the above